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The Cheka (?? - ???????????? ???????? Chrezvychaynaya Komissiya, ) was the
first of a succession of Soviet state security organizations. It was
created by a decree issued on December 20, 1917, by Vladimir Lenin and
subsequently led by a Polish nobleman Felix Edmundovich Dzerzhinsky. After
1922, the Cheka underwent a series of reorganization.
It was soon an important military force, crucial for survival of the
Soviet regime. In 1921 the Troops for the Internal Defense of the Republic
(a part of Cheka) numbered 200,000. These troops policed labor camps, ran
the Gulag system, conducted requisitions of food, put down peasant
rebellions, riots by workers, and mutinies in the Red Army, which was
plagued by desertions Nicolas Werth, Karel Barto?ek, Jean-Louis Panné,
Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stéphane Courtois, The Black Book
of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, Harvard University P
